Any “how-to” list about writing seems bound to be subjective, with the advice—”Write as I do!”—coming as no surprise. My entry here about flash is no exception.
First, here’s my bare bones narrative structure for the short story: Something happens (precipitating incident) to create a desire, and that desire creates a need for action that is thwarted by this and that and this and that until, finally, there’s resolution. Vonnegut’s oft-quoted advice to begin as close to the conclusion as possible works well for flash. Guided by that suggestion, a flash writer might begin with “Finally, there’s resolution.” The writer might find a way to imply the rest—that inciting incident, that series of actions. Or maybe a writer might want it all, the all of the short story structure, and write a compressed version with all the parts in place.
Flash narrative, in my world, doesn’t want to be a diminished version of the short story; it doesn’t desire what already exists. Flash fiction possesses a restlessness, an unsettled nature. If something’s been done, flash wants something else; no part of it wants to be a diminutive form of the short story. How a writer rises to meet the challenge of compressed narrative determines (for me) the success of a flash narrative. As a flash writer, I’m constantly looking for ways to take advantage of the opportunities presented by compression, and once one strategy seems to work, I’m off to find the next. By looking at what’s behind the traditional narrative—what it is that each section delivers for the reader—flash writers might be able to discover their own ways to make (very) short narrative pieces flash.
Perhaps the key to compressed narrative is “the inciting incident”; in short, it is the something that happens at the outset of a story. The inciting incident answers, for the reader, the question, “Why now?” If one thinks of a character’s life as a timeline, then the story, especially a flash story, becomes the tiniest moments upon that line. Why, of all the moments, is this the one that makes the moment story worthy? The inciting incident answers that question as such: “Because something happened.” Okay. But characters experience a bunch of things each day, so there’s things writers might add to increase that “story-worthy” quotient of a moment. Having something happen may not be be enough to give a story a sense of purposeful existence. That “something that happens” might need other qualities. These include the following:
The something that happens is different for the character. It isn’t something that happens every day. If it is something that happens regularly, then there’s at least something different about this time.
The something that happens is odd, not only for the character, but for the reader.
The something that happens is the very thing that the character needs to figure out. For example, Eliot in E.T. could’ve been given anything, but he gets the very thing he needs to guide him on his quest. At the movie’s beginning, Eliot’s brother yells at him about his insensitivity toward others, asking Eliot when he’s going to think about what others feel. Thus, Eliot gets E.T., whose supernatural ability allows Eliot to feel what E.T. feels, the very thing Eliot needs. Thus, the more meaningful the “something that happens” is to a character—the more it arises as the guide toward solving the character’s inner & outer problems—the less “so what?” feeling a story might have.
The something that happens gives the character a specific goal. Antigone begins with Creon’s edict that no one, not even Antigone, may bury her brother. This “something that happens” gives Antigone her goal: bury the brother. In Joyce’s “Araby,” the boy’s encounter with Mangan’s sister and the arrival of Araby into town gives him a goal (even though Mangan’s sister seems unaware of it): Bring her back something from Araby. That singular, concrete goal created by the initial “happening” gives the story the same thing it gives the character: a sense of purpose.
There’s a gain and commensurate loss attached to that initial incident (referred to in the fiction world as stakes). Stakes in movies often get artificially raised, so that finishing fifth grade has attached to it huge wealth (and usually, eventually, love), and enemies that arrive (be they aliens, terrorists, viruses) often put the very existence of the world at stake. There’s not much place, perhaps, for life and death stakes in flash, so the stakes often are attached to the character’s desire. The more a character wants something, the more to be gained and loss; the more important to the character’s life that goal becomes, the more to be gained and loss. So, I guess, in short, make the goal something the character really wants, make it so that something concrete will be gained and something equally concrete/important might be lost, and see how close you can get to having a character go all in to get it. That’s when the game gets interesting, methinks. That also helps with that idea of purpose. Why now? This is the moment when the character was forced to go all in to get his or her desire.
Of course there’s more to it than this, much more, but it’s a start. So the question becomes, what’s a flash writer to do, given the demands of compression and the desire to be something other than a short short story, to make the flash matter to a reader? One of my former teachers, Xu Xi, called this aspect of story “the dramatic imperative,” the reason for a story’s existence, the why of its being, of this moment’s being chosen over all the others.
A story I’ve been working on forever has this as the story. A son who has a life-threatening allergy to milk has gotten sick twice before when he’s with his father. The father swears he hasn’t given him milk and/or checked the ingredients of everything his son has eaten. After the third time, after the rush to the hospital and his wife’s giving him some kind of ultimatum, he decides to recreate the situation of his son’s having an anaphylactic reaction by hiding in the closet. From that vantage point, he sees his son go the refrigerator to get milk. At that point, the father comes out and confronts the son, who is maybe six to eight years old. And so on.
The problem with me, among other things, is that I don’t know what’s going to happen until I write the story. In other words, it’s in writing the story that I discover what the father will discover, the why of his son’s purposefully drinking milk. I think it has something to do with the son’s wanting to see that urgent love in his father, a love that only the milk brings out. But I’m not sure if that’s it. But if that’s it, if that’s the thing the father must confront, his son’s need for a father’s love made visible, then story gets transformed into plot and narrative by thinking of those aforementioned questions centering around making the moment feel like a plotted narrative, rather than as something else, something that might lead a reader to say “So what?”
Boy, that was convoluted, yes? In short, I need to make the reader think there’s a reason for this narrative to exist. And, if it’s flash, I need to figure out how to meet the demands of compression so that the story doesn’t feel like a shortened form of the short story, so that it feels like something else, like a flash. So here’s a quick, drafty look at my first draft opening, with comments.
Got It
Through the crack of the pantry, Jake watched Samuel eating the turkey sandwich at the kitchen table, the green island of countertop and burners between them, keeping Jake hidden from Samuel’s sight. Samuel twisted in circles, looked for Jake, then back to the milk glass Jake had left next to Samuel, around again for Jake, back to the glass as Jake’s weight shifted forward.
Three times, Jake had to blare through stop signs—Ben’s mouth in the rearview mirror, like a beached carp. This last time, Jake had read the ingredients for the water ice twice, had asked three times if they ever had used the ice cream scoop for the water ice. And still milk had found its way to Ben’s blood, puffing him up, taking breaths, only this time Jake had overheard the doctor’s crummy accusations about what he’d been doing to his seven-year-old. Here’s a common thing that happens in my flashes, something I’ve been working to eliminate: the interrupting exposition that comes after the in medias res opening. I’ve noticed it more & more in flashes, and for me at least, it’s a result of the desire to begin in the middle of things but get the needed information to the reader also.
“Maybe the father wants him sick. That’s the only explanation. Four times, now. All with him and no one else.” Part of that interrupting exposition. One solution might be to find a way either to parcel it in throughout in smaller chunks or find a way to imply all of it through a title. Imagine that.
But the truth that Jake now suspected—what else could it be?—might be even more terrible. And then Samuel did it—reached for the milk, held it in both hands, and raised it toward his mouth, his lips cracking open, wider and willing. Jake sprang into the kitchen, cracked his hip on the corner of the granite island.
“F*ck!”
The glass and milk slipped out of Samuel’s hand, hit the edge of the table, bounced harmlessly away to shatter on the ground.
Samuel grinned. “Dad. You’re here.” I kind of like the son’s reaction here. It feels a bit understated, a bit unexpected. Maybe it’s a keeper. It forces upon the dad further questioning, further action. It’s not an answer yet. It’s more of that Matrix-like splinter in the mind.
“That’s it? Dad, you’re here.”
“That’s it. Let’s throw the baseball, okay?” Samuel walked gingerly around the puddle of milk, toward the front door and outside. Somewhere, Jake thought, Samuel had learned that milk brought Daddy and that desperate love rush toward him. Daddy’s love, for Samuel, became worth the sacrifice of breath. Samuel wanted to be suffocated with it. Only Daddy didn’t have that kind of love. No one did. I’m not sure if this is a keeper, these thoughts of the Dad. Really, they’re my figuring out what the story’s about, but they might be okay to keep. I like these moments of “figuring out,” for it reminds me of the story’s purpose, of desire for an answer (finally) put into some kind of action.
I’ll stop here, by showing the revised version of the title & first paragraph, the second draft, still quite drafty, but maybe a bit more helpful in showing what I’m trying to say here about compressed flash narrative.
Only This Time
This title feels stronger, implying an inciting incident, the “different” thing that enters the character’s life to give him a story. It also feels as if it makes good use of compression and creates that flash-sense of the story bursting into existence, right from the outset.
Jake had overheard the doctor’s crummy accusations about what he’d been doing to his seven-year-old: “Maybe the father wants him sick. That’s the only explanation. Four times, now. All with him and no one else.” So now, through the crack of the pantry, Jake watched Samuel eating the turkey sandwich at the kitchen table, the green island of countertop and burners between them, keeping Jake hidden from Samuel’s sight. Samuel twisted in circles, looked for Jake, then back to the milk glass Jake had left next to Samuel, around again for Jake, back to the glass as Jake’s weight shifted forward. This opening maybe creates a bit more tension, a bit more urgency without that interrupting exposition. In terms of compressed narrative, the character arrives into the flash already in the midst of the action created by the inciting incident; he’s already committed himself to finding answers, and the answer seems to have something at stake, something important to him, something that will matter should he discover its truth.
And so on. With each revision, I find more opportunities to compress, more chaff, get closer to the essential thing that this flash might be about. That singular focus is something I love about flash, that way it goes for it, like a Saints coach at the beginning of a second half, as if it were the only chance one got in life. Flash says, to me, “This is it! Don’t blink. Don’t breathe. This is the moment and you won’t have to wait for it.” It begins with the title. It’s action created by the desire to know no matter what the consequence. This flash, the one about the father and son and the milk, isn’t there yet. But one day it might be. One day it might flash, filling the tiniest of spaces with something brilliant. Boom. Pow. Shazam.
Randall Brown teaches at and directs Rosemont College’s MFA in Creative Writing and Graduate English programs. He is the author of the award-winning (very) short fiction collection Mad To Live and his essay appears in The Rose Metal Press Field Guide to Writing Flash Fiction. He recently served as the Lead Editor of SmokeLong Quarterly. His work has been published widely, both on line and in print. He can be reached at http://randalldouglasbrown.blogspot.com/.